Sun-to-Mud observations of the May and October storms of 2024: impacts on Ireland’s Space Weather
By Alexandra Ruth Fogg (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies)
Around the peak of Solar Cycle 25 in 2024, Earth experienced two dramatic geomagnetic storms in May and October. In this study, we track both storms from the Sun, through interplanetary space, to the Earth and finally to the ground over the island of Ireland. We compare and contrasts the storms in terms of both their solar drivers, and their ground impacts. We term the events: the “May” storm which peaks around 11th May 2024 and the “October” storm which peaks around 11th October 2024.
Key comparisons:
We conclude that while the May storm was driven by a much more complex solar driving event, the Earth is primed by precursor activity in October, enhancing the strength of its response.
See publication for more details:
Fogg, A. R., Lucas, A. R., Hayes, L. A., Ivanov, S. M., Walker, S. J., Malone-Leigh, J., Murray, S. A., Leahy, S. R., Jackman, C. M., Gallagher, P. T. (2026). Sun-to-Mud observations of the May and October storms of 2024: impacts on Ireland’s Space Weather. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate (Topical Issue - Severe space weather events of May 2024 and their impacts) 16, 2. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2025044

Collection of images of the Aurora taken during both storms in Ireland. All photos were taken near Kells, Co. Meath, approximately indicated by the purple star on the map of Ireland in panel (d). The approximate locations of the MagIE magnetometers at Dunsink (north east) and Valentia (south west) are indicated with yellow crosses in panel (d). (a,b,f,g) show photos taken with an iPhone 13 by S. R. Leahy. (c,e) show timeseries of SMR for the May and October storms respectively, with purple vertical lines on inset panels indicating the timings of each photo.